Abstract
Chemical pesticides have been used for pest control for many decades, but they cause serious problems, including insecticide resistance, secondary pest resurgence, and negative environmental impacts. Therefore, sustainable alternatives to chemical pesticides are necessary for pest control. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are natural epizootic pathogens of insects, and some of them have been used as microbial biocontrol agents. Herein, we attempted to construct an entomopathogenic fungal library (EFLib) via the “Tenebrio molitor pathogenicity-based fungal collection method (TmPC)” to select EPF for control of the serious agricultural pest Spodoptera litura. A total of 172 soil samples were collected in northern and central Taiwan for the EFLib construction. The isolation efficiency of TmPC was 64.02%. The EFLib consisted of 101 isolates and was designated as the National Chung Hsing University (NCHU) EFLib. Among these isolates, 26 showed high virulence (mortality = 100%) to T. molitor larvae. Based on the results of molecular identification, the highly virulent isolates belonged to seven genera, including Beauveria, Clonostachys, Fusarium, Cordyceps, Penicillium, Purpureocillium, and Metarhizium. To evaluate the potential of these isolates for Spodoptera litura control, 12 isolates were selected for pathogenicity screening against S. litura larvae. A total of six EPF isolates belonging to the genera Beauveria and Metarhizium showed rapid eradication of the S. litura larvae. To rank the potential of these fungal strains for pest management, the six isolates were subjected to thermotolerance and conidial production assays, and a novel effective conidia number (ECN) formula was applied. The results indicated that the ECN index of Beauveria australis (NCHU-113) was much higher than that of Metarhizium isolates. However, among the Metarhizium isolates, NCHU-95 showed the highest ECN index. Altogether, NCHU-69 and NCHU-113 should be further tested in field trials. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to integrate pathogenicity or virulence and ECN data into EPF screening and ranking, providing a baseline for mass selection of potential EPF strains for further applications.
Highlights
Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are a group of epizootic insect pathogens in the natural environment that serve as natural regulators of insect populations, including those of pests (Gardner et al, 2005; Gürlek et al, 2018)
The genera Beauveria (i.e., B. bassiana), Hirsutella, Cordyceps, Akantomyces, Metarhizium (i.e., M. anisopliae), and Purpureocillium belonging to the phylum Ascomycota, and Entomophaga, Entomophthora, Pandora, and Furia belonging to the phylum Zygomycota are the most studied EPF, and some of these organisms have been used in commercial products for integrated pest management (IPM) (Meyling and Eilenberg, 2007, Gilbert and Gill, 2010)
Based on the pathogenicity screening with T. molitor larvae, 26 fungal isolates showed high virulence against T. molitor larvae (100% mortality rate), and 19 fungal isolates showed medium virulence against T. molitor larvae (60∼80% mortality rate), while the other fungal isolates showed lower virulence to T. molitor larvae, suggesting that ∼50% of the 101 fungal isolates might have insect-killing activity and belong to the EPF group (Supplementary Table 2)
Summary
Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are a group of epizootic insect pathogens in the natural environment that serve as natural regulators of insect populations, including those of pests (Gardner et al, 2005; Gürlek et al, 2018). The mode of action of EPF infection includes adhesion of conidia onto the cuticle of target insects or another portal of entry such as the trachea (Holder and Keyhani, 2005; Gürlek et al, 2018). A high proportion of EPF species belong to the phyla Ascomycota and Zygomycota. Among these fungi, the genera Beauveria (i.e., B. bassiana), Hirsutella, Cordyceps, Akantomyces, Metarhizium (i.e., M. anisopliae), and Purpureocillium belonging to the phylum Ascomycota, and Entomophaga, Entomophthora, Pandora, and Furia belonging to the phylum Zygomycota are the most studied EPF, and some of these organisms have been used in commercial products for integrated pest management (IPM) (Meyling and Eilenberg, 2007, Gilbert and Gill, 2010)
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