Abstract
This article reviews the effectiveness of animation in enhancing textual information for instructional purposes. The theoretical basis for visual effectiveness is controversial and rests on competing theories such as dual coding, single coding, and mental models. The role of pictures in prose is briefly reviewed to identify the factors which determine the effectiveness of illustrative material in printed books, and the visual effects of television as an instructional medium are summarized. Research on the effectiveness of educational technologies is prone to a number of methodological problems, which are outlined. Design criteria for multimedia instructional products are summarized.
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