Abstract
A formula is presented in this paper that accommodates wavefront turning resulting from sound speeds that depend on depth. It calculates what is known as the “normal curvature” of the wavefront, that is, the curvature where the wavefront intersects the plane that contains both the line perpendicular to the wavefront and the line through the array. This normal curvature often, but not always, yields a good approximation for the range, even when the source moves away from broadside. The formula we develop requires more information than the conventional formula: we need to know the rate of change of sound speed with respect to depth and the angle between the horizontal and the apparent direction of the source.
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