Abstract
Infertility, defined as the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse (WHO, 2012), affects 8–10% of couples worldwide, equivalent to 50–80 million couples, with 2 million new cases annually (WHO, 2013). In Indonesia, 10–15% of the 39.6 million reproductive-age couples face infertility, with primary causes including sperm issues (35%), ovulatory disorders (20%), fallopian tube blockages (20%), endometriosis (20%), and idiopathic factors (10%). The prevalence is rising both globally and domestically, with infertile women in the U.S. projected to reach 7.7 million by 2025. Assisted reproductive technologies like IVF achieve a success rate of 40–50%, while ICSI, a more advanced technique, offers higher success rates, particularly for cases of poor sperm quality (Wulaningsih, 2021; Aurel et al., 2023). However, routine ICSI use without clear indications should consider associated risks and costs (ASRM, 2020). ICSI success rates have improved from 44.6% in 2014 to 59.5% in 2023 (Palermo et al., 2014; Batha et al., 2023). Further research is needed in Indonesia to comprehensively compare ICSI success rates between male and female infertility cases.
Published Version
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