Abstract
Extensive utilization of silver nanoparticles (NPs) in agricultural products results in their interaction with other chemicals in the environment. To study the combined effects of silver NPs with nicotinic acid and potassium nitrate (KNO3), a gel-free/label-free proteomic technique was used. Root length/weight and hypocotyl length/weight of soybean were enhanced by silver NPs mixed with nicotinic acid and KNO3. Out of a total 6340 identified proteins, 351 proteins were significantly changed, out of which 247 and 104 proteins increased and decreased, respectively. Differentially changed proteins were predominantly associated with protein degradation and synthesis according to the functional categorization. Protein-degradation-related proteins mainly consisted of the proteasome degradation pathway. The cell death was significantly higher in the root tips of soybean under the combined treatment compared to flooding stress. Accumulation of calnexin/calreticulin and glycoproteins was significantly increased under flooding with silver NPs, nicotinic acid, and KNO3. Growth of soybean seedlings with silver NPs, nicotinic acid, and KNO3 was improved under flooding stress. These results suggest that the combined mixture of silver NPs, nicotinic acid, and KNO3 causes positive effects on soybean seedling by regulating the protein quality control for the mis-folded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Therefore, it might improve the growth of soybean under flooding stress.
Highlights
Industrial revolution drastically increased atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide that leads to global warming and changed the precipitation pattern [1]
The silver NPs combined with nicotinic acid and KNO3 maintained the redox homeostasis through regulation of glycolysis and increased activities of antioxidant enzymes that regulated energy metabolism [39]
The main findings of this study are as follows: (i) Root length/weight and hypocotyl length/weight of soybean were enhanced with silver NPs mixed with nicotinic acid and KNO3; (ii) protein degradation- and synthesis-related proteins increased and decreased, respectively, with silver NPs mixed with nicotinic acid and KNO3; (iii) the cell death was higher in the root tip under flooding stress with silver NPs mixed with nicotinic acid and KNO3; (iv) accumulation of calnexin/calreticulin and glycoproteins increased; and (v) growth of soybean was improved under flooding stress with silver NPs mixed with nicotinic acid and KNO3
Summary
Industrial revolution drastically increased atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide that leads to global warming and changed the precipitation pattern [1]. Changing climatic conditions caused tragic losses in crop productivity [2]. Under these changing climatic conditions, plants are at the forefront of different kinds of abiotic stresses including drought [3], cold [4,5], salinity [6], and heat stress [2]. Flooding is one of the most widely spread abiotic stresses that affects all the terrestrial plants by limiting the carbon dioxide, oxygen, ethylene, and nitric oxide those play important roles in signal transduction cascades [7]. Flooding itself acts as a complex stress that hampers the plant growth [10]. Based on these reports, flooding severely reduced crop growth and productivity
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