Abstract
Increasing demand to further understand complexity in surface energy flux partitioning necessitates the adaptation of numerous estimation methods to fit the site of observation. This is useful for reducing the uncertainty in physically measurable parameters especially those in tropical regions with high human interference in the atmospheric boundary layer. In this study, we used computations from two methods - the Priestley-Taylor (PT) and the Penman-Monteith (PM), based on the Energy Balance model to ascertain closure performance in the surface flux estimations. The study was carried out at the Nigerian Meteorological Experiment III site (7.38 o N and 3.93 o E, 224.2m) located in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. Thirty days of a year (2006) dataset were examined using the Bowen ratio (BR) energy balance model to validate the PT and PM methods. The systems were examined across daily and diurnal cycles to better understand the differences in energy partitioning. Results showed that both systems generally favored latent heat flux compared to sensible heat flux perhaps due to above-normal rainfall during the period. The PM method performed better than the PT method with a period average for the sensible heat and latent heat fluxes as 32.05 Wm -2 and 67.66 Wm -2 respectively, accounting for 29.22% and 61.39% of the total net radiation. The PT method underestimates the sensible heat flux by as much as 19.70 Wm -2 compared to the PM method, with a period average of 12.36 Wm -2 representing 11.26% of total net radiation. The PM method also gives a period average Bowen ratio estimate of 0.55, consistent with the standard range for grasslands. The study suggests that the performance of the PM method is related to its response to heat and water vapor transfer over humid regions and would contribute to further research on land-surface interactions over the tropics. Finally, we propose that the measurement of available energy, net radiation, and ground heat flux should be separated for different collocated systems in order to reduce the forcing of closure and aid in proper partitioning of the fluxes. Keywords: surface energy flux, energy balance model, Priestly-Taylor, Penman-Monteith, West Africa, latent heat, sensible heat, NIMEX_3 DOI: 10.7176/JEES/11-5-05 Publication date: May 31 st 2021
Highlights
The sun is the source of all the energy that drives the atmospheric machinery, it is important to be reminded that the earth’s surface plays a convincing role in converting the solar radiation into sensible heat
The daily data was recorded on a 10-minute interval basis and analysis was performed as is, to calculate the required temperature and vapor pressure gradient profiles, Bowen ratio values and the sensible and the latent heat fluxes, for the BR method, as explained in the previous section
The results show an average daily net radiation of approximately 100 Wm-2 (± 50 Wm-2), with the highest value recorded on day 107 and the least on day 114, with a standard deviation of 20.87 Wm-2
Summary
The sun is the source of all the energy that drives the atmospheric machinery, it is important to be reminded that the earth’s surface plays a convincing role in converting the solar radiation into sensible heat. The processes of converting the constant energy (radiation) from the sun to other forms constitute the energy budget of the earth’s surface and its atmosphere. In order to maintain a balanced budget of heat, the earth-atmosphere system has to operate in specific manner. Heat and moisture are in continuous exchange between the earth and the atmosphere. These convective exchanges constitute the surface fluxes in the atmosphere, with the convective exchange of heat as sensible heat flux, H and the convective exchange of moisture as latent heat flux, LE. The net radiation (Rn) at the earth’s surface (assuming no snow cover) is either absorbed into the ground in the form of ground heat flux (G) or transferred to the atmosphere in the form of H and LE
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