Abstract
The need for accurate measurements and for estimating the uncertainties associated with measures are two pillars for researchers and metrologists. This is particularly true in distribution networks due to a mass deployment of new intelligent electronic devices. Among such devices, phasor measurement units are key enablers for obtaining the full observability of the grid. The phasor measurement unit performance is mostly evaluated by means of the total vector error, which combines the error on amplitude, phase, and time. However, the total vector error is typically provided merely as a number, that could vary within an unknown interval. This may result into the phasor measurement unit incompliance with the final user expectancies. To this purpose, and with the aim of answering practical needs from the industrial world, this paper presents a closed-form expression that allows us to quantify, in a simple way, the confidence interval associated with the total vector error. The input required by the expression is the set of errors that typically affects the analog to digital converter of a phasor measurement unit. The obtained expression has been validated by means of the Monte Carlo method in a variety of realistic conditions. The results confirm the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed expression. It can be then easily implemented in all monitoring device algorithms, or directly by the manufacturer to characterize their devices, to solve the lack of knowledge that affects the total vector error computation.
Highlights
With two significant digits the sake of tively.comparison. Both standard deviations values have been written with two significant digits for have
The concept of achieving very accurate measurements can be extended to those parameters computed starting from such measurements
This paper aimed at associating a confidence interval to the parameter used to assess the performance of a phasor measurement units (PMUs); the total vector error (TVE)
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The digitalization of the power network is becoming a priority for electric utilities and system operators (SOs). The transmission and distribution portions of the network (TN and DN) have different rates of digitalization due to their different topology and due to the available investments per node of the grid. The two actors that are leading this innovation process are as follows: the new generation of instrument transformers (ITs), referred to as low-power instrument transformers (LPITs) or non-conventional instrument transformers (NCITs), and the intelligent electronic devices (IEDs)
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