Abstract
Phasor measurement units (PMU) are increasingly used in electrical power transmission networks, to maintain stability and protect the network. PMUs accurately measure voltage, phase, frequency, and rate of change of frequency (ROCOF). For reliability, it is desirable to implement a PMU using an FPGA. This paper describes a novel algorithm, suited to implementation in an FPGA and based on a simple PMU block diagram. A description of its realization using low hardware complexity infinite impulse response (IIR) filters is given. The IEC/IEEE standard 60255-118-1:2018 Part 118-1: Synchrophasor measurements for power systems, describes “reference” Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters for implementing PMU hardware. At the 10 kHz sampling frequency used for our implementation, each “reference” FIR filter requires 100 multipliers, while an 8th order IIR filter only requires 12 multipliers. This paper compares the performance of different order IIR filter-based PMUs with the performance of the same PMU algorithm using the IEC/IEEE FIR reference filter. The IIR-based PMU easily satisfies all the requirements of IEC/IEEE standard and has a much better out of band signal rejection performance than a FIR-based PMU. Steady state errors for a rated voltage ± 10% and a rated frequency ± 5 Hz are < 0.000001% for total vector error (TVE) and < 1 µHz for frequency, with a latency of two mains cycles.
Highlights
This paper deals with the algorithm development of a phasor measurement units (PMU) using infinite impulse response (IIR)filters and the resulting simulated performance.The electrical power supply network is undergoing a rapid transition from a concentrated predominantly fossil fuel based generation system, to a distributed and predominantly renewable based system
This paper shows that IIR filters have a significant advantage over finite impulse response (FIR) filters in FPGA real estate requirements and out of band attenuation
The IEC/IEEE Std defines a P class PMU as one which is used for power system protection applications “requiring fast response and mandates no explicit filtering”
Summary
This paper deals with the algorithm development of a PMU using infinite impulse response (IIR). Synchrophasor measurement devices can be used to monitor the voltage and phase at different parts of a power network and maintain stability These devices are known as phasor measurement units (PMU). 100 MW/129 battery uses frequency the fast and accurateprovided frequency by PMUs absorb power to keeporthe generator-load of generator-load the network [7].balance. Harmonic frequency components are present determined by differentiating the frequency with time This differentiation increases any high in the PMU noise, measurements, so that filtering of the measured. Addition, harmonic frequency suggests the use of a two main cycle long triangular weighted finite impulse response (FIR). The, Std suggests the use of a two main cycle long triangular weighted finite impulse response (FIR) reference filter [8] The, Std suggests the use of a two main cycle long triangular weighted finite impulse response (FIR) reference filter [8] (pp. 54, D 3)
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