Abstract
Our present industrial system is based on the principle of continuous quantitative growth. Its production processes are mostly based on the consumption of raw mineral and fossil materials and are connected with the coproduction of large quantities of by-products and other waste material. After use, most products and commodities are simply discarded, so additional quantities of waste are obtained. Accumulation of persistent waste materials in the biosphere will force our economy in the near future to stop distributing persistent chemicals in the environment and to recycle all waste. This closed-cyclic economy will have considerable effects on the chemical industry, on chemical technology, and on chemical engineering science. It will be necessary to integrate waste collection and recycling into our production technologies as well as into our production costs. The impotance of raw mineral materials will decrease as they will be substituted by renewable resources. In the same way fossil fuels will have to be replaced by renewable energy sources.
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