Clinical Features and Usefulness of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Assessing Myocardial Viability and Prognosis in Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy (Transient Left Ventricular Apical Ballooning Syndrome)

Abstract

In Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, or transient left ventricular (LV) apical ballooning syndrome, normalization of wall motion can occur after as long as 3 months. We report 1 of the largest series to date outside Japan and emphasize the utility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) to show a lack of irreversible damage in the acute setting, thereby reliably predicting recovery. During the previous 6 years, we saw 22 patients who met the following criteria: (1) a suspected myocardial infarction based on symptoms, an abnormal electrocardiogram, and/or elevated serum cardiac markers; (2) an anteroapical wall motion abnormality; and (3) no significant occlusive epicardial coronary artery disease or observed vasospasm. Ten patients underwent delayed enhancement CMR to assess myocardial viability during the index presentation. All 10 patients had an absence of irreversible damage, as evidenced by lack of gadolinium "hyperenhancement"; later, their LV function returned to normal. Eight other patients, available for outpatient follow-up evaluation, also had normalization of LV function. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is increasingly being recognized outside Japan and must be distinguished from acute myocardial infarction. In conclusion, CMR is useful to document segmental LV dysfunction and lack of irreversible damage and to predict functional recovery.