Climate-smart Agriculture and Agricultural Diversification Effects on Productivity and Resilience of Smallholder Farmers in Ethiopia

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Climate-smart agriculture is the term for adaptations aimed at boosting agricultural production to support higher incomes and food security while lowering greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing farmers' resilience to climate change. Mulching, intercropping, conservation agriculture, crop rotation, integrated crop-livestock management, agroforestry, better grazing, and enhanced water management are examples of effective CSA techniques used in Ethiopia. To minimize vulnerability, marketing risks, income, and biological instability, farmers grow multiple crops on a given plot of land each year. This practice is known as agricultural diversification, and it is an important part of the decision-making process a farmer uses to minimize the risk of agricultural production. This review analysis was based on a thorough examination of published works that were retrieved from Google Scholar and several online resources. Numerous studies have demonstrated that age, gender, family size, wealth, membership in agricultural organizations, land ownership, and educational attainment all have a common impact on smallholder farmers' adoption of climate-smart farming techniques. Conversely, impediments or contributing elements that hinder the implementation of climate-smart agriculture have been noted. These obstacles might be either non-physical (software) or tangible (hardware). Infrastructure, funds, equipment, land, and people resources are some of the physical impediments. In addition, the institutional, cultural, policy, and regulatory contexts; information, knowledge, and skills; technologies and innovations; and governance are some of the non-physical or software impediments. Lastly, it was strongly advised to promote CSA techniques that are affordable cost and easily implement for larger smallholder farmers. The policy supportive strategies ought to focus on design in Climate Smart practices that are environmental and economically easily implemented at smallholder farmers conditions.