Abstract
AbstractHydrogenation has been investigated in recent years as a potential method for upgrading low‐temperature coal tar (LCT). LCT contains toluene insolubles (TIs) that can cause process problems by plugging hydrotreater feed filters and catalyst beds. In this study, TIs are separated from LCT, and the composition and structure are studied by using elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction analyses (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and other techniques. Microscopic observations reveal TI particles to be small approximately 50 % of the particles have a diameter of <3 μm. TIs contain a high proportion of inorganic material, for example, quartz, aluminosilicate, and calcium. Evidence for aliphatic and aromatic species is demonstrated by FTIR and XPS analysis. Although LCT contains many complex aromatic compounds, TIs exhibit a lower degree of aromaticity. Sulfate salts are the main form of sulfur element, and the greatest amounts of nitrogen occur in TIs as pyridinic nitrogen (N‐6) and oxidized nitrogen (N‐X) species.
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