Abstract
In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome of Harpalus sinicus (occasionally named as the Chinese ground beetle) which is the first mitochondrial genome for Harpalus. The mitogenome is 16,521 bp in length, comprising 37 genes, and a control region. The A + T content of the mitogenome is as high as 80.6%. A mitochondrial origins of light-strand replication (OL)-like region is found firstly in the insect mitogenome, which can form a stem-loop hairpin structure. Thirteen protein-coding genes (PCGs) share high homology, and all of them are under purifying selection. All tRNA genes (tRNAs) can be folded into the classic cloverleaf secondary structures except tRNA-Ser (GCU), which lacks a dihydrouridine (DHU) stem. The secondary structure of two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs) is predicted based on previous insect models. Twelve types of tandem repeats and two stem-loop structures are detected in the control region, and two stem-loop structures may be involved in the initiation of replication and transcription. Additionally, phylogenetic analyses based on mitogenomes suggest that Harpalus is an independent lineage in Carabidae, and is closely related to four genera (Abax, Amara, Stomis, and Pterostichus). In general, this study provides meaningful genetic information for Harpalus sinicus and new insights into the phylogenetic relationships within the Carabidae.
Highlights
Mitochondria exist in eukaryotic cells and are inherited maternally, they are associated with energy metabolism, disease, aging, and apoptosis [1]
Insect mitogenomes are characterized by several features shared with most eukaryote mitogenomes, such as a double-strand circular structure, the small genome size, conserved gene content (13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes (tRNAs) and 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs)), and a lack of extensive recombination [2,3,4]
To fill the gap of genetic information on Harpalus and to provide deep-level phylogenetic resolution within Carabidae, we report the complete mitogenome of Harpalus sinicus
Summary
Mitochondria exist in eukaryotic cells and are inherited maternally, they are associated with energy metabolism, disease, aging, and apoptosis [1]. They have a tan beard, antennae, and feet, and the lateral edge of the pronotum is brown, and the segmental venter of the body is either black, brown or red in some parts [9] One feature they share with other Carabidae species is that their foreleg tibiae have a groove bearing a comb of hair for cleaning their antennas. To fill the gap of genetic information on Harpalus and to provide deep-level phylogenetic resolution within Carabidae, we report the complete mitogenome of Harpalus sinicus. Deep-level phylogenetic analyses are performed based on complete mitogenomes of the Carabidae species.
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