Abstract
Simple SummaryIn this study, the mitogenomes of Hestina persimilis and Hestinalis nama were obtained via sanger sequencing. Compared with other mitogenomes of Apaturinae butterflies, conclusions can be made that the mitogenomes of Hestina persimilis and Hestinalis nama are highly conservative. The phylogenetic trees build upon mitogenomic data showing that the relationships among Nymphalidae are similar to previous studies. Hestinalis nama is apart from Hestina, and closely related to Apatura, forming a monophyletic clade.In this study, the complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of Hestina persimilis and Hestinalis nama (Nymphalidae: Apaturinae) were acquired. The mitogenomes of H. persimilis and H. nama are 15,252 bp and 15,208 bp in length, respectively. These two mitogenomes have the typical composition, including 37 genes and a control region. The start codons of the protein-coding genes (PCGs) in the two mitogenomes are the typical codon pattern ATN, except CGA in the cox1 gene. Twenty-one tRNA genes show a typical clover leaf structure, however, trnS1(AGN) lacks the dihydrouridine (DHU) stem. The secondary structures of rrnL and rrnS of two species were predicted, and there are several new stem loops near the 5′ of rrnL secondary structure. Based on comparative genomic analysis, four similar conservative structures can be found in the control regions of these two mitogenomes. The phylogenetic analyses were performed on mitogenomes of Nymphalidae. The phylogenetic trees show that the relationships among Nymphalidae are generally identical to previous studies, as follows: Libytheinae\\Danainae + ((Calinaginae + Satyrinae) + Danainae\\Libytheinae + ((Heliconiinae + Limenitidinae) + (Nymphalinae + (Apaturinae + Biblidinae)))). Hestinalis nama is apart from Hestina, and closely related to Apatura, forming monophyly.
Highlights
Hestina persimilis and Hestinalis nama belong to the lepidopteran family Nymphalidae, Apaturinae and mainly distribute in the Palaearctic and Oriental region
Specimens of H. persimilis and H. nama were collected from the Sichuan and Yunnan
Comparing them with other mitogenomes of Apaturinae butterflies, the conclusion can be drawn that the mitogenomes are highly conserved, sharing the same gene order, gene location, codon usage, nucleotide composition and AT-biased pattern
Summary
Hestina persimilis and Hestinalis nama belong to the lepidopteran family Nymphalidae, Apaturinae and mainly distribute in the Palaearctic and Oriental region. Their adults inhabit mountainous broad-leaved forests and present the habit of sipping tree juice and water in wetlands. The larvae were reported as a kind of agriculture pest of the host plants, Ulmaceae. There are only one species (H. nama) of the genus Hestinalis and three species (including Hestina persimilis, Hestina assimilis and Hestina nicevillei) of the genus
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