Characterization of Pollutant Emissions from Typical Material Handling Equipment Using a Portable Emission Measurement System

Kaili Pang,Ziyuan Yin,Xiangrui Meng,Shuai Ma

doi:10.3390/atmos12050598

Abstract

Non-road equipment has been an important source of pollutants that negatively affect air quality in China. An accurate emission inventory for non-road equipment is therefore required to improve air quality. The objective of this paper was to characterize emissions from typical diesel-fueled material handling equipment (loaders and cranes) using a portable emission measurement system. Instantaneous, modal, and composite emissions were quantified in this study. Three duty modes (idling, moving, and working) were used. Composite emission factors were estimated using modal emissions and time-fractions for typical duty cycles. Results showed that emissions from loaders and cranes were higher and more variable for the moving and working modes than the idling mode. The estimated fuel-based CO, HC, NO, and PM2.5 composite emission factors were 21.7, 2.7, 38.2, and 3.6 g/(kg-fuel), respectively, for loaders, and 8.7, 2.4, 28.3, and 0.3 g/(kg-fuel), respectively, for cranes. NO emissions were highest and should be the main focus for emission controls. CO, HC, NO, and PM2.5 emissions measured were different from emission factors in the US Environmental Protection Agency NONROAD model and the Chinese National Guideline for Emission Inventory Development for Non-Road Equipment. This indicates that improving emission inventory accuracy for non-road equipment requires more real-world emission measurements.

Highlights

Mobile sources have become important causes of air pollution in major cities around the world [1,2], which make important contributions of particulate matter (PM) and photochemical precursors to the atmosphere [3,4]
This section contains (1) a brief description of the emission data; (2) instantaneous emissions for the loaders and cranes; (3) modal emissions for the loaders and cranes; (4) composite emission factors for the loaders and cranes; (5) a comparison of emission data acquired in different studies
Second-by-second gaseous pollutant emission and engine parameter data were acquired for 2–3 h for each loader and crane

Summary

Introduction

Mobile sources have become important causes of air pollution in major cities around the world [1,2], which make important contributions of particulate matter (PM) and photochemical precursors to the atmosphere [3,4]. The contributions of pollutants from non-road equipment are being paid more attention. It has been found that NOx, PM, CO, and HC emissions from non-road equipment account for 18–29% of emissions from mobile sources of pollutants around the world [7]. Material handling equipment (e.g., loaders, cranes, and forklifts) is an important type of non-road equipment with a large population. These equipment are mainly diesel powered and emit larger amounts of NOx and PM than gasoline-powered vehicles. Emissions from material handling equipment need to be quantified before measures and policies for decreasing pollutant emissions can be developed

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusion