Abstract
Allogeneic bone grafts are a promising material for bone implantation due to reduced operative trauma, reduced blood loss, and no donor-site morbidity. Although human decellularized allogeneic bone (hDCB) can be used to fill bone defects, the research of revitalizing hDCB blocks with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) for osteochondral regeneration is missing. The hMSCs derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and Wharton’s jelly (BMMSCs, ADMSCs, and UMSCs, respectively) are potential candidates for bone regeneration. This study characterized the potential of hDCB as a scaffold for osteogenesis and chondrogenesis of BMMSCs, ADMSCs, and UMSCs. The pore sizes and mechanical strength of hDCB were characterized. Cell survival and adhesion of hMSCs were investigated using MTT assay and F-actin staining. Alizarin Red S and Safranin O staining were conducted to demonstrate calcium deposition and proteoglycan production of hMSCs after osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, respectively. A RT-qPCR was performed to analyze the expression levels of osteogenic and chondrogenic markers in hMSCs. Results indicated that BMMSCs and ADMSCs exhibited higher osteogenic potential than UMSCs. Furthermore, ADMSCs and UMSCs had higher chondrogenic potential than BMMSCs. This study demonstrated that chondrogenic ADMSCs- or UMSCs-seeded hDCB might be potential osteochondral constructs for osteochondral regeneration.
Highlights
An osteochondral lesion is a localized area of damage, which involves the cartilage and the underlying bone
The findings showed a maintained spindle-like morphology and the osteogenic and chondrogenic potential of late-passage human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) (Figures S1 and S2)
This study demonstrated the different osteogenic and chondrogenic potential of Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMMSC), ADMSCs, and UMSCs on human decellularized allogeneic bone (hDCB) blocks
Summary
An osteochondral lesion is a localized area of damage, which involves the cartilage and the underlying bone. Mosaicplasty or autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is the standard treatment for osteochondral defects. Filling large osteochondral defects using an osteochondral autograft transfer system (OATS) was excellent in the short term. Finding alternative therapeutic methods for osteochondral defects is essential. Decellularized bone matrixes from xenografts or allografts as alternatives have been intensively studied. They can be particles with hydrogels and the original forms revitalized with the help of MSCs [2]. Bone allograft is a mineralized biomaterial that can be harvested from cadavers or patients with replacement surgery and can be decellularized to serve as a scaffold, which preserves the natural microarchitecture, extracellular matrix (ECM), bioactive molecules, and mechanical properties. Removing cells and DNA can prevent immune responses after implantation [3]
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