Abstract
BackgroundAdipocyte hyperplasia is associated with obesity and arises due to adipogenic differentiation of resident multipotent stem cells in the vascular stroma of adipose tissue and remote stem cells of other organs. The mechanistic characterization of adipocyte differentiation has been researched in murine pre-adipocyte models (i.e. 3T3-L1 and 3T3-F442A), revealing that growth-arrest pre-adipocytes undergo mitotic clonal expansion and that regulation of the differentiation process relies on the sequential expression of three key transcription factors (C/EBPβ, C/EBPα and PPARγ). However, the mechanisms underlying adipocyte differentiation from multipotent stem cells, particularly human mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs), remain poorly understood. This study investigated cell cycle regulation and the roles of C/EBPβ, C/EBPα and PPARγ during adipocyte differentiation from hBMSCs.ResultsUtilising a BrdU incorporation assay and manual cell counting it was demonstrated that induction of adipocyte differentiation in culture resulted in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes but not hBMSCs undergoing mitotic clonal expansion. Knock-down and over-expression assays revealed that C/EBPβ, C/EBPα and PPARγ were required for adipocyte differentiation from hBMSCs. C/EBPβ and C/EBPα individually induced adipocyte differentiation in the presence of inducers; PPARγ alone initiated adipocyte differentiation but the cells failed to differentiate fully. Therefore, the roles of these transcription factors during human adipocyte differentiation are different from their respective roles in mouse.ConclusionsThe characteristics of hBMSCs during adipogenic differentiation are different from those of murine cells. These findings could be important in elucidating the mechanisms underlying human obesity further.
Highlights
Adipocyte hyperplasia is associated with obesity and arises due to adipogenic differentiation of resident multipotent stem cells in the vascular stroma of adipose tissue and remote stem cells of other organs
Isolation and adipogenic differentiation of hBMSCs Isolated hBMSCs presented with a typical spindle-shape phenotype (Figure 1A), and cells from passages 3-5 were used for the following studies
Cell cycle alteration during adipocyte differentiation from hBMSCs HBMSCs proliferated slowly, approximately
Summary
Adipocyte hyperplasia is associated with obesity and arises due to adipogenic differentiation of resident multipotent stem cells in the vascular stroma of adipose tissue and remote stem cells of other organs. The mechanisms underlying adipocyte differentiation from multipotent stem cells, human mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs), remain poorly understood. This study investigated cell cycle regulation and the roles of C/EBP?, C/EBP? Adipocyte differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells plays an important role in the hyperplasia of adult adipose tissue. Recent studies indicate that pericytes in blood vessel walls have adipogenic potential, express mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers and are multipotent [4]. In addition to resident stem cells, nonresident stem cells can serve as a source of adipocyte precursors; bone marrow MSCs can be recruited to adipose tissue and generate new adipocytes in response to treat-
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