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Abstract
The present study was planned to characterize and analyze the antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) biosynthesized using a Coccinia indica leaf (CIL) ethanolic extract. The present study included the preparation of CIL ethanolic extract using the maceration process, which was further used for AgNP biosynthesis by silver nitrate reduction. Biosynthetic AgNPs were characterized using UV–Visible spectrometry, zeta potential analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry. The biogenic AgNP and CIL extracts were further investigated against different bacterial strains for their antimicrobial activity. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) signal at 425 nm confirmed AgNP formation. The SEM and TEM data revealed the spherical shape of biogenic AgNPs and size in the range of 8 to 48 nm. The EDX results verified the presence of Ag. The AgNPs displayed a zeta potential of −55.46 mV, suggesting mild AgNP stability. Compared to Gram-positive bacteria, the biogenic AgNPs demonstrated high antibacterial potential against Gram-negative bacteria. Based on the results, the current study concluded that AgNPs based on CIL extract have strong antibacterial potential, and it established that AgNP biosynthesis using CIL ethanol extract is an effective process.
Highlights
Evidence shows that humans possess a 1:1 ratio of bacteria and human cells; minor disturbances of this ratio can result in multiple illnesses and diseases [1]
The success of synthesis of AgNPs was based on results of visual inspection and UV–Visible spectrometric analysis
The formation of AgNP in brown color solution was further confirmed by UV–Visible analysis, which generated an absorption spectrum comprising curves 1, 2, and 3 (Figure 1)
Summary
Evidence shows that humans possess a 1:1 ratio of bacteria and human cells; minor disturbances of this ratio can result in multiple illnesses and diseases [1]. Widespread use of antibiotics results in multiple drug resistance (MDR) against infections and presents a high mortality risk [2]. To resolve the barriers associated with traditional antibiotic preparation, an extensive body of research on metallic nanoparticles has been documented over the past decade. The synthesis of AgNPs through these methods demands surface passivators (such as thiourea) to inhibit agglomeration, which may pollute the environment [6]. Another solution is to use a chemical process for AgNP synthesis. This may contribute to the adsorption of toxic elements over the particle surface and result in negative impacts. AgNP synthesis using plant extracts as reductants does not produce harmful by-products, the organic compounds in leaf extracts impact the stability and reduction mechanisms of AgNPs [10,11,12]
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