Abstract
Starting from the concept of safety life cycle requirements of equipment under controls, detailed discussions have been presented on component safety integrity level (SIL) selection methods and determination of SIL of the safety loop. The discussions encompass SIL for both low demand and continuous modes in a variety of ways such as by fault tree analysis, layer of protection analysis, risk graph, etc. with calculation processes. Architectural constraint is a major issue for SIL, so this is focused on. Various voting circuits like 1oo2 to 2oo4 have a direct impact on SIL determination and availability, so each of them receives separate treatment in the chapter. The significance of SIL certification and its interpretation is extremely important to understand. The chapter covers this with examples. The basic requirements for programmable systems form IEC standards and are covered with examples for readers to understand their gravity for selection of programmable systems. Controversy toward inclusion of an SIL-rated fire and gas system and its inclusion in IEC standards are yet to be done. However, it goes without saying that detector placement and detector coverage are major issues in this area and so demand detailed treatment in the chapter. The chapter also covers plant emergency shutdown systems and their reliability.
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