Abstract
This chapter explores the basic concepts of the integrated operational amplifier. Operational amplifiers began in the days of vacuum tubes and analog computers. They consisted of relatively complex differential amplifiers with feedback. The operational amplifier continued to evolve through the transistor era and continued to decrease in size and increase in performance. In spite of all the improvements, however, the high-performance, integrated operational amplifier of today is still based on the fundamental differential amplifier. Operational amplifiers are integrated circuits that contain complete functional amplifier circuits whose electrical characteristics can be altered by external feedback. The input circuitry and essentially the heart of an op amp is the differential amplifier circuit. An op amp responds to the difference in potential on its two input terminals. The chapter presents a contrast between the characteristics of an ideal op amp and those of a typical op amp. Practical op amps require a DC power source, and in many cases, a dual supply. Finally, the chapter concludes that it is important that the power distribution system be properly constructed and effectively decoupled to prevent oscillation and other performance problems. Care should be used when handling op amps because they can be damaged by ESD.
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