Abstract
Many industrial processes such as packaging lines consist of pneumatic actuators, which follow a predetermined sequence of operations. These sequences can be considered as a series of steps, each step resulting in the operation of pneumatic solenoids. Progression between steps is controlled by sensors on the controlled plant, like photo-cells, stroke limit switches, and timers. Sequence systems are built around two-position pneumatic shuttle valves. Sequences are driven by limit switches which pass, or block or vent pneumatic pressure. Many simple applications can be controlled without limit switches by using the pressure rise when a cylinder reaches end of stroke to operate a shuttle valve. Most sequences can be considered to be a series of states. There are many standards for distributed systems. Many manufacturers of pneumatic and hydraulic equipment now offer valve manifolds complete with built-in distributed system interfaces, which greatly simplify both piping and cabling.
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