Abstract
This chapter describes a phenomenology of magnetism. The mathematical dualism between “vortex ring and double layer” leads to two different approaches for the explanation of the magnetic properties of matter. The units of the physical quantities have been developed consequently from empirically found electromagnetic laws. The chapter describes the physical quantities and their units. Solid-state matter can exhibit a unique feature in special cases of atomic neighborhood order: spontaneous magnetization. Atomic moments (usually spin moments) may be aligned parallel (ferromagnetism) or antiparallel (antiferromagnetism) because of quantum-mechanical exchange coupling. Ferromagnetism is characterized by two or more sublattices with an antiparallel orientation of their magnetic moments that do not cancel each other. Other examples of magnetic behavior are metamagnetism, helimagnetism, or superparamagnetism. Many efforts have been made to find a quantum theory of magnetism, and there are two mutually exclusive models: the localized moment model works satisfactorily for rare earth metals, whereas the itinerant electron model describes the magnetic properties of the three-dimensional transition metals and their alloys.
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