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Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) and forward osmosis (FO) processes are operated by semipermeable membranes for water desalination. In both processes, membrane structural properties govern water flux and salt rejection while chemical properties impact fouling resistance and stability, which significantly affect operation and maintenance cost and energy consumption separation. Although RO membrane development has nearly reached its peak where the average cost of desalination by RO is few times lower than that in decades ago, an effective cost drive focuses on benefiting from emerging FO process to reach cost-excellence outcome. Significant research has been made in development of suitable membranes for FO and higher performance RO processes. In this chapter, recent progresses in polymer-based RO and mainly focus on FO membranes are being reviewed.
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