Abstract
This chapter presents the pressure measurement in confined environments. Low total pressure is the quantity most quoted to specify the degree of rarefaction of the gas environment in the vessel of a vacuum system. The direct determination of pressure, valid only in a gas with a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of velocities, is based on the measurement of force. Under certain conditions of molecular flow with a stationary distribution of velocities, pressure is a scalar and is determined by the indirect method. The indirect method measures any of the quantities dependent on gas viscosity, thermal conductivity, or density. Pressure is then determined by using the conventional kinetic theory relationships. The techniques used for the measurement or the assessment of pressure in sealed-off products are useful in monitoring the industrial manufacture of some vacuum products. The chapter describes the isotropic conditions, non isotropic conditions and magnetically confined plasma conditions for continuously pumped vessels. It describes the destructive and non-destructive tests for sealed off vessels.
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