Chapter 8 - Novel advances in nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensing of the biomarker

Abstract

One of the major future challenges in clinical fields will be the early diagnosis and healthcare application of patients using noninvasive methods. One of the best solutions for early diagnosis and management is monitoring biomarkers. Commonly employed assays of biomarkers such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, fluorescence, radioimmunoassay, western blotting, electrochemical, and optical for early diagnosis and monitoring have been emphasized by many research groups. In recent times, electrochemical immunosensors are commonly preferred as monitoring assays because of their reliable, cost-effective, sensitive, portable properties, and offering low limits of detection and wide linear response ranges in bodily fluids in the early stages of the disease. Electrochemical immunosensors are utilized for the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy monitoring of cancerous, cardiovascular, and immunological diseases. Oncobiomarkers are referred to as ideal indicators for cancer detection. Biomarkers can also identify pathogenic agents and developed biosensors to detect them. The main aim of the electrochemical-based biosensing device is to give researchers a general idea about the patients’ conditions with point-of-care diagnostics. Novel advances in electrochemical immunoassay, biological process monitoring, and nanotechnology have paved the way for the enrichment of novel platforms for the detection of tumor markers. Advanced nanomaterials have been used as biomolecular carriers, signal producers, and signal amplifiers in biosensor design due to their unique optical and electrical properties, high stability, and good biocompatibility. Finally, we present some perspectives about recent novel advances over electrochemical-based affinity biosensors for the diagnosis of biomarkers.