Abstract
Biological applications of graphene derivatives are highly promising for nanomedicine, biosensing, bioimaging and biocatalysis. Here, we discuss the deign strategies of functional graphene biohybrids with proteins and DNA. An introduction to the interactions at the bio–nano interface, which controls the properties of hybrids, is summarized in the beginning, and we connect the materials world with that of biology. The biocatalysis systems developed in our laboratory using graphene oxide as a stabilizing matrix is used as a model system to discuss the strategies and characterization methods. This includes the “Stable-on-the-table” enzyme hybrids that are functional even under biologically challenging conditions, such as elevated temperatures or extreme pH conditions. These biohybrids are stable over a month when stored under ambient conditions, which are quite unusual for the storage of ordinary enzymes or proteins. Besides the high stability, graphene-based bioelectrodes are used for the sensitive detection of analytes such as glucose, below physiological levels, and this discussion is followed by highly promising drug-delivery systems based on graphene. The unmet challenges in this field to create graphene with better biocompatibility and stability under physiological conditions will be imperative for applications of these systems in clinical systems.
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