Abstract
Electromagnetic radiation causes cleavage of chemical bonds that result in the generation of free radicals. Both ionizing and nonionizing radiation produce the three hallmarks of oxidative stress: lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and protein damage. Effects of electromagnetic radiation are experienced by exposure to ionizing, ultraviolet, microwave and radiofrequency, power frequency and visible light frequency radiation. Exposures to combinations of radiation and toxic chemicals produce unanticipated and synergistic effects compared to radiation or chemical exposure alone. Examples of such combinations include: ionizing radiation and halogenated hydrocarbons or chemotherapeutic drugs; ultra violet radiation and phototoxic effects; and genotoxic effect of extremely low frequency radiation and hydroquinone.
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