Abstract
With the rapid development of electronic information in the past 30 years, technical achievements based on electromagnetism have been widely used in various fields pertaining to human production and life. Consequently, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) has become a substantial new pollution source in modern civilization. The biological effects of EMR have attracted considerable attention worldwide. The possible interaction of EMR with human organs, especially the brain, is currently where the most attention is focused. Many studies have shown that the nervous system is an important target organ system sensitive to EMR. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on the neurobiological effects of EMR, including the metabolism and transport of neurotransmitters. As messengers of synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters play critical roles in cognitive and emotional behavior. Here, the effects of EMR on the metabolism and receptors of neurotransmitters in the brain are summarized.
Highlights
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is closely related to human life and originates from various electrical systems, such as mobile phones, microwave ovens, communication base stations, high-voltage lines, electronic instruments and other electromagnetic equipment
Glutamate and aspartic acid decrease in the hippocampus within 7 days after radiation, especially in the 10 mW/cm2 group NR1 decrease in the cortex; NR2A decrease in the cortex and hippocampus; NR2B decrease in the striatum NR1 decrease at 3 h, 24 h, and 3 days; NR2A decrease at 0 h, 3 h, and 12 h; NR2C decrease at 0 h and 24 h; NR2D increase at 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 3 days in the hippocampus after radiation NR1, NR2A, NR2C decrease; NR2D increased in the hippocampus NR2A increase at 7 days; NR2B increase at 1 day in the hippocampus GABA decrease in the hippocampus GABA decrease at 6 months Glycine increase in the midbrain after 1 month
GABA receptor upregulation in cultured neurons Transient elevated ACh content in the brain Choline uptake activity increase in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus Decreased muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) activity; increased number of mAChR receptors in the cerebral cortex ACh decrease in the hippocampal CA1 area Choline uptake decreased in the frontal cortex
Summary
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is closely related to human life and originates from various electrical systems, such as mobile phones, microwave ovens, communication base stations, high-voltage lines, electronic instruments and other electromagnetic equipment. EMR produces various electromagnetic waves of different frequencies, resulting in the increasing EMR intensity in human living spaces. The high-frequency waves such as cosmic, gamma and X-rays, have enough energy to cause ionization. Non-ionizing electromagnetic waves, including ultraviolet, visible region, infrared, microwave, and radio waves are frequently used in daily life, especially radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs, 30 kHz-300 GHz) for communications, and extremely low-frequency EMFs (ELF-EMFs, 3 Hz-3 kHz) generated by electricity. The impact of EMR on human health has gradually attracted attention, and the modulation of brain functional connectivity was observed in human body [1,2,3]. This review summarizes the effects of RF-EMF on neurotransmitters in the brain
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