Abstract
The upper urinary tract consists of the right and left kidneys and ureters. The kidneys are located between the twelfth thoracic vertebra and third lumbar vertebra in the retroperitoneum, and are surrounded by perirenal fat and renal fascia: the right kidney is slightly lower than the left. Each kidney produces urine by a process that includes glomerular filtration, selective resorption and concentration. Urine passes to the urinary bladder via the renal calyces, renal pelvis and ureter. The kidneys are supplied by the renal arteries, which are branches of the abdominal aorta. The ureters are supplied in proximo-distal sequence by branches from the abdominal aorta, renal, gonadal, common iliac and internal iliac arteries. Anatomical variations include horseshoe kidney, accessory renal arteries and duplicated ureters.
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