Abstract
In separation processes like extraction and chromatography, a solvent is needed for the dissolution of compounds. This chapter is about supercritical fluids (SCFs) and gas-expanded liquids (GXLs), which are solvents of high diffusivity, low viscosity and zero surface tension in combination with tunable density and solvent strength. Physicochemical properties of SCFs and GXLs in terms of density, compressibility, viscosity, self-diffusivity and dielectric properties are explained. Further, phase equilibria and phase diagrams for SCFs and GXLs are described. One part deals with the solubility of compounds in SCFs and GXLs. Equipment setups for the production and use of these solvents, as well as experimental methods to obtain phase diagrams, solubility data, and physicochemical/transport properties like density and viscosity are described. Last but not least, the greenness of SCFs and GXLs is discussed in terms of their life cycle (production, transportation, use, and recycling), as well as environment, health and safety aspects.
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