Abstract
Geothermal heat pumps, or ground source heat pumps (GSHP), which use shallow geothermal resources (normally a depth of 400m) as heat source/sink, were first experimentally investigated by A.C. Crandall (1946) and gained popularity in Sweden in the 1970s. The leading countries in developing the market of GSHPs were Sweden and Switzerland in the early 1980s. Other countries experienced a slow growth rate so that by new installations in some countries such as Turkey, Indonesia, Kenya, Costa Rica, Japan, Mexico, The United States, and Germany in 2018 the geothermal direct useful thermal output was reached around 117TWh (421PJ) in 2019. The installed GSHP has the size of 3.5kW for a residential building to more than 150kW for large applications such as commercial building, hospitals, schools, etc.
Published Version
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