Chapter 7 - On-Line Sample Pretreatment: Extraction and Preconcentration

Abstract

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on on-line sample pretreatment for chemical analysis prior to the measurement that is based on flow injection, sequential injection, and other related techniques. In chemical analyses, various kinds of detection methods—such as spectrophotometry, fluorophotometry, chemiluminescence (CL) detection, spectroscopy, and electrochemical detection—are used. In most cases, some pretreatment procedures prior to the measurement are requisite for improving sensitivity, reproducibility, and accuracy. Flow injection analysis (FIA) is one of the most useful and versatile techniques for automated analysis and is widely applied to routine analyses in various fields. By the combination of solvent extraction (SE) with the flow injection technique (SE-FIA), SE can be performed online in a flowing stream with smaller amounts of extraction solvents and with minimal solvent release to the laboratory atmosphere. Therefore, SE-FIA is an essential analytical tool for the separation and preconcentration of analytes.