Abstract
The analysis of pharmaceutical residues in seawater and sediments is a challenging task. Both mentioned matrices are mixtures of solid and liquid compartments with dissolved gases. Thereby the starting point in monitoring is to choose the proper sampling method to achieve the goal of the research. To perform a whole water analysis, first the water sample needs to be withdrawn together with colloids and other particles present in the suspension. In the case of sediments, the pore water or whole material can be sampled and analyzed. This review presents the popularly used grab sampling methods, as a new promising alternative, the passive sampling of pharmaceuticals. Several techniques of passive sampling are presented and exemplary studies are shown.
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