Abstract
Articles reporting the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in seawater were screened in 76 selected publications. Most of the studies were conducted in Europe, studying Baltic, North, and Mediterranean seawaters. The reviewed articles reported data on 420 pharmaceuticals from 1952 occurrence data points; 49 of them being reported in 10 or more studies. The antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and sulfadiazine), the antiepileptic and psychoactive drug (carbamazepine), the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (diclofenac, ibuprofen, gemfibrozil, naproxen, ketoprofen, and salicylic acid), paracetamol, and caffeine proved to be the pharmaceutical residues with the wide-spread occurrence in coastal and offshore seawater. The Chinese marine environment proved to be heavily impacted by high concentrations of antibiotics, whereas residues of untreated or partially treated wastewater discharged in the marine environment were detected even in the Antarctic Sea. Major input of pharmaceutical residues in marine environment, challenges, and actions needed to protect the marine environment are critically discussed in this chapter.
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