Abstract
Water pollution and water scarcity are two significant concerns that can only be addressed by reusing, recycling, and recovering wastewater. Zero liquid discharge (ZLD), an emerging sustainable approach, exploits the use of hybrid water treatment technologies for enhanced water recovery and eliminates the generation of liquid discharge. This integrated approach reduces the environmental risk associated with uncontrolled or unmonitored wastewater discharge into aquatic ecosystems. The conventional thermal-based ZLD systems were energy-intensive and incurred high operational costs. This chapter discusses various membrane-based technologies that can be used in ZLD systems, are environmentally sustainable, and can be more energy-efficient. The basics of the three proposed technologies—membrane distillation (MD), membrane crystallization (MCr), and electrodialysis (ED) are also included. The state-of-the-art advances in using these technologies for various ZLD processes have been explained in detail. The various challenges associated with implementing these technologies include lack of suitable membranes, high cost of operation and identification of suitable pretreatment/posttreatment are also included in this chapter.
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