Abstract
Groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) are important ecological systems that provide a range of supporting, cultural, provisioning, and regulating services. However, GDEs are increasingly vulnerable to climate variability and change, which can lead to changes in groundwater levels, vegetation structure, and ecosystem functioning. Remote sensing techniques offer a powerful tool for monitoring the effects of climate variability on GDEs, and the data can be used to map and monitor GDEs, assess their health and condition, and identify changes over time. By collecting data on vegetation health, water availability, and other environmental factors, remote sensing can help to identify GDEs at risk, track changes over time, and develop strategies to protect these valuable ecosystems. This chapter reviews the application of remote sensing techniques to monitor climate variability effects on GDEs. It discusses the different types of remote sensing data that can be used as well as the various methods that can be applied to analyze the data, including challenges and opportunities. These challenges include the need for ground-based data to calibrate and validate remote sensing data, the difficulty of distinguishing GDEs from other types of ecosystems, and the need to develop new methods for analyzing the complex relationships between GDEs, climate variability, and other environmental factors. Thus, by using remote sensing, we can better understand the impacts of climate change on these important ecosystems and develop effective management strategies to protect them. Overall, the chapter concludes that remote sensing has the potential to play a vital role in monitoring and protecting GDEs in the face of climate variability and change. By providing regular and comprehensive data on these ecosystems, remote sensing can help researchers and managers to make informed decisions about how to conserve and protect GDEs for future generations.
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