Abstract
Archean geological processes are commonly associated with mineral deposits such as copper, zinc, nickel, and gold, while magnetite and hematite are known to be associated with early Proterozoic rocks. Cenozoic rifts are now recognized as potential hosts for economic minerals. Rift systems accumulate minerals through internal processes (volcanism) and external processes (weathering, erosion, and accumulation). The East African Rift System (EARS) in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Tanzania hosts valuable mineral deposits including syn-rift epithermal gold since the Upper Miocene. The EARS also contains soda ash, phosphates, gypsum, lithium, and uranium. Lake Kivu (Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda) has significant amounts of carbon dioxide and methane, while Lake Rukwa (Tanzania) holds substantial helium reserves. Lake Nyasa (Malawi) is notable for manganese nodules and rare earth elements along its shores and offshores.
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