Abstract
Tissue engineering of the trachea is one of the promising approaches for reconstructing the defective long-segment trachea. In the past few decades, efforts have been carried out to create an ideal tissue engineered tracheal graft. Various scaffolds and cell sources have been examined for use in tracheal tissue engineering in preclinical or clinical studies with varied rates of success. This article reviews the recent development in tracheal tissue engineering, especially focusing on scaffold fabrication and cell source selection. Synthetic scaffolds, decellularized scaffolds, and three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted constructs are discussed. Then, the major cell sources used for cellularization of scaffold including autologous epithelial cells, chondrocytes, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are overviewed. Advantages and obstacles are discussed in each approach and then the potential of iPSCs is assessed and highlighted. Despite great advances, there are still many hurdles to be overcome for generation of fully functional and ideal tissue-engineered trachea. Nevertheless, iPSCs show great potential as a promising cell source for tracheal tissue engineering.
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