Abstract
The new era of nanotechnology has harnessed advanced nanomaterials that can be used in various medical fields, including diagnostic imaging, chemotherapeutic agents, targeted drug delivery, as well as biosensors. However, exogenous nanomaterials have obvious limitations including, the trigger of adverse immune reactions and nanoprotein interactions, leading to inevitable cytotoxicity. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a class of native native vesicular particles with diameters between 30 and 1000nm. Owing to their low immunogenicity, good biocompatibility, and engineerable cargo-loading capacity with functional modules, these have become the new generation of natural drug delivery systems. In recent years, many studies have been devoted to remodeling the content and function of EVs in various ways to achieve the ultimate goal of therapeutic EVs. Engineered EVs and their mimetics with an intelligent core, mainly the stimuli-response module, maintain the controlled release and targeting, came into being. In this chapter, we focus on the engineering strategies and biomedical applications of EVs and briefly summarize the origin, composition, and function of EVs. Then, we highlight the perspectives of biomedical applications and challenges about EVs to generate effective therapeutic EVs.
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