Abstract
This chapter deals with underwater ambient noise over the frequency range from below 1Hz to several hundreds of kilohertz. Over this broad frequency range, data show that ambient noise has different characteristics at different frequencies, with the spectral slope showing different behavior with varying external conditions, such as the wind speed. It starts with a discussion of the pioneering work on measurements and the description of ambient noise which was carried out by a group of acousticians headed by V.O. Knudsen, who investigated ambient noise in the frequency range from 200Hz to 50kHz. The ambient noise level in the sea is best understood in terms of the characteristic source mechanisms and the diversity of ambient noise sources which is discussed in terms of the difference between deep- and shallow-water ambient noise spectra. Ambient noise directivity including coastal influences on deep- and shallow-water areas is also characterized along with ambient noise coherence and the sources of self-noise. A fundamental exposition of statistics for ambient noise and signal fluctuations in underwater acoustics is also provided.
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