Abstract
This paper describes a theoretical model that predicts the wind-dependent ambient noise level in the ocean. Wave breaking and subsequent formation of whitecaps are assumed to be the sole source of sound at the sea surface and their contributions are computed by the use of a simple model for the bubble cloud generated by this process. Inverted hemispherical shapes for which an analytical solution to the wave equation is given are employed to describe the cloud geometry. The input physical parameters to the model are the bubble-size distribution, the dipole strength of the entrained bubbles, the cloud size distribution and growth rate, and the void fraction of the bubble cloud. By using an empirical relation between the whitecap coverage ratio and the wind speed, the underwater ambient noise and surface source levels are computed as a function of frequency and wind speed. Calculated noise levels are in good agreement with the field measurements.
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