Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRHs) play pivotal roles in the control of reproduction via the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis as a hypothalamic hormone and a neuropeptide in vertebrates. GnRH structurally related peptides have also been identified in a wide range of invertebrates, including ascidian, amphioxus, echinoderms, and mollusks, although these invertebrates are not endowed with the HPG axis. Moreover, several cognate receptors and the relevant signaling have been elucidated. Several invertebrate GnRH-like peptides have been shown to be involved in sexual maturation or in nonreproductive functions. These findings are expected to lead to investigations of their biological roles and evolutionary relationship with vertebrate GnRHs.
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