Abstract
Membrane technology has been the most promising water treatment technique as it provides good quality of treated water. This chapter discusses in length about the principles and operation of various processes involved in membrane filtration technique which includes nanofiltration (NF), microfiltration (MF), membrane cartridge filtration, and UF. Basically, membrane filtration is defined as a pressure- or vacuum-driven separation process in which particulate matter larger than 1.0 μm is rejected by membranes. For the removal of larger particles, MF and UF are applied while NF is used for removal of salts. The pressure required for NF is higher than for MF and UF. The main features of membrane technology are its working capabilities at low temperatures and low energy. The characteristic features and different types of membranes, depending on specific applications are discussed. Lowlife, expensiveness, and membrane fouling are some of the major limitations of this technique, the various causes are outlined. In order to optimize and make membrane technology more competitive, necessary techniques of membrane management, optimization of design, treatment configuration, and operating parameters are outlined. Lastly, some specific applications of different membrane technologies for the treatment of organic, inorganic, and biological pollutants are summarized.
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