Abstract
This chapter discusses transient and frequency response. For circuits with more than one reactive element, the differential equations describing them can also be solved with the substitution. The complication is in solving the characteristic equation. Its degree is equal to the number of reactive circuit elements. After its roots are found, the time-domain response is obtained by substitution. The natural or transient response of a circuit is because of initial nonzero energy storage in reactive elements. When the circuit is driven by a source, it continues to respond indefinitely to the source; this is the forced or steady-state response. It continues after the transient response has decayed. For linear circuits, the total response is the superposition of the transient and steady-state response. The transient response can be found by solving the circuit differential equations for zero input. This solution can then be used to find the solution with a nonzero input, resulting in the total response. For linear circuits, input sinusoids always result in output sinusoids.
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