Abstract
Statistical hypothesis testing is usually employed to help scientists produce smart decisions concerning the issues of interest. The idea of statistical hypothesis testing, including null and alternative hypotheses, rejection and nonrejection regions, test statistic, and the common way to carry out statistical hypothesis testing are discussed in this chapter. Statistical hypothesis testing, based on the Z-test when the variance is known or the t-test when the variance is unknown, and a hypothesis related to a mean vector (Hotelling's test) in the multivariate case are covered. We also examine the difference between two population means with one variable and several variables. Many real problems from environmental science are provided and explained properly. We provide R built-in functions and codes for all of the discussed problems with detailed explanation.
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