Chapter 5 - Sampling methods for airborne microorganisms

Abstract

Bioaerosols are biologically viable (bacterial, fungal, viral, protozoal cells, and spores) and nonviable (allergens and toxins) aerosols retained in air suspension at varying duration due to size, buoyancy, diameter equivalent, and air current. Physical (size, shape, type), environmental (indoor and outdoor), analytical (culture medium, sequencing, or microscopic), recovery (detection limit), aerodynamic, and buoyancy are among the principles and factors considered for effective bioaerosol samplers and sampling. Documented guidelines by international agencies for bioaerosol sampling exist, and the aforementioned factors are professionally pieced together in absence of guidelines. The sampling methods for airborne microorganisms are examined using the available literature from various sources. Passive and active samplers designed to operate with impaction, diffusion, sedimentation, impingement, filtrations, and electrostatic and liquid-phase principles are highlighted. Recent innovation and trends in bioaerosol samplers include personal and portable samplers that are smarter with artificial intelligence, hurdle technology approach (synergic combinations of different samplers), nanoscopic samplers, and real-time recovery. Ubiquitous nature of microorganisms due to their ability to resist harsh environment and become airborne poses a serious risk to human and agriproducts. Bioaerosols are the primary source of contamination and infection in food and pharmaceutical facilities. Thus, standardized bioaerosol sampling and monitoring protocol are vital. Expertise in bioaerosol sampling is the overall key factor for coordinating other factors for efficiency monitoring of air quality to ensure safety in processing facilities.