Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract includes the tongue, esophagus, stomach (glandular and nonglandular portions), small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), and large intestine (cecum, colon, and rectum). These segments of the GI tract mature at different postnatal times, with the anterior segments of the GI tract maturing earlier than the middle and posterior segments. The tongue is morphologically mature at PND 21 when the epithelium has reached full thickness and the keratinized spines are robust. The esophagus and nonglandular stomach are also morphologically mature by PND 21, when there is a well-developed muscularis mucosa and collagenization of the lamina propria. The stomach, small intestine, and large intestine of the rat are developmentally immature and functionally inept at birth, and remain immature through PND 14, after which there are extensive morphologic and physiologic changes, especially around the time of weaning at approximately PND 21.
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