Abstract
Continuum models have been used for simulations of biofilm growth and development. However, biofilm structures and patterns are very heterogeneous due to various environmental circumstances. Thus, discrete models have been developed to account for biofilm heterogeneity in biofilm growth and formation and the key mechanisms. In this chapter, we will present discrete models, including cellular automata (CA) and individual-based models. We will review the fundamentals and characteristics of the discrete models and discuss how and whether they incorporate diffusive and advective mass transport, and how biomass spreading is handled. In this chapter, details about different steps of biofilm modeling using the discrete approach are presented. Finally, we present hybrid models of computational fluid dynamics and CA.
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