Abstract
The neuroscientific and philosophical definitions of consciousness are indexed and reviewed, including aspects of primary, secondary, and tertiary consciousness. The data regarding the presence and absence of aspects of consciousness in non-hominid apes are reviewed. Tests for consciousness including the Turing test, the mirror test, and the Chinese room are described, critiqued, and applied to artificial intelligence and animal models. The pathophysiology of consciousness is reviewed, as well as the procedures and results obtained using magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. The cognitive neurochemistry applicable to consciousness, sleep, and dreaming is covered in detail. The basis for electrophysiological analysis is described, as well as the techniques of quantitative electroencephalography and magnetic electroencephalography. A logical and scientific methodologically based approach for evaluating and analyzing the forms of waking and sleeping consciousness is described that will be applied in the next chapters.
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