Abstract
Battery energy storage systems are based on secondary batteries that can be charged and discharged many times without damage. Batteries are electrochemical devices and they store energy by converting electric power into chemical energy. This chemical energy is released again to produce power. There are a number of important battery energy storage systems, some well established, some new. Common types include the lead-acid battery, found in motor vehicles, nickel cadmium and nickel hydride batteries, and sodium sulfur and lithium ion batteries. Battery systems are characterized by fast response times when both absorbing and releasing power but they all age with time and the number of cycles they have passed through. Some lose charge over time, limiting their use for long-term storage. A different type of cell called a flow battery stores the chemicals needed for energy production of storage in external reservoirs.
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